Ama-Raw material
I-Aluminiyamu ibala ezinye zezakhi eziningi kakhulu: ngemva kwe-oksijini ne-silicon, iwumniningwane owanele kakhulu onqunywa ngaphakathi komhlaba, ohlanganisa amaphesenti angaphezu kwayisishiyagalombili oqweqwe lwawo lwamakhilomitha ayishumi futhi avela cishe edwaleni ngalinye elivamile.
Nokho, i-aluminium ayenzeki ngendlela yayo emsulwa, yensimbi kodwa ngenye indlela njenge-hydrated aluminium oxide (ingxube yamanzi ne-alumina) ehlanganiswe ne-silica, iron oxide, ne-titania.I-aluminium ore enosayizi ogcwele kakhulu i-bauxite, eqanjwe ngegama ledolobha laseFrance i-Les Baux lapho yashintsha khona ukuze yanqunywa ngo-1821. I-Bauxite ithwala insimbi ne-hydrated aluminium oxide, kanti yona imelela indwangu yayo enkulu kunazo zonke.
Njengamanje, i-bauxite inala ngokwanele kangangokuthi idiphozithi engcono kakhulu enokuqukethwe kwe-aluminium oxide engamaphesenti angamashumi amane nanhlanu noma ngaphezulu kwembiwa ukwenza i-aluminium.Amadiphozithi agxilile atholakala endaweni ngayinye esenyakatho naseningizimu, kanti ubuningi bensimbi esetshenziswa e-United States buvela e-West Indies, eNyakatho Melika, nase-Australia.
Njengoba i-bauxite yenzeka eduze nomhlabathi, izindlela zokumba zilula ngendlela emangalisayo.Iziqhumane zisetshenziselwa ukuvula imigodi emikhulu emibhedeni ye-bauxite, ngemva kwalokho izingqimba eziphakeme zokungcola namatshe ziyasuswa.I-ore edaluliwe ibe isisuswa nezilayishi zangaphambili, zinqwabelaniswe emavenini noma ezimotweni zikaloliwe, bese ziyiswa ekucubunguleni impilo yezitshalo.I-Bauxite inzima (ngokuvamile, ithani elilodwa le-aluminium lingakhiqizwa kusuka kumathani angu-4 kuya kwangu-6 ensimbi), ngakho-ke, ukuze kuncishiswe ukubaluleka kokuyihambisa, lezi zimbali zihlala ziseduze ngangokunokwenzeka nezimayini ze-bauxite.
Inqubo Yokukhiqiza
Ukukhipha i-aluminium yemvelo ku-bauxite kuhilela izinqubo.Okokuqala, insimbi iyacwengwa ukuze kukhishwe ukungcola okufana ne-iron oxide, i-silica, i-titania, namanzi.Bese, umphumela we-aluminium oxide uyancibilika ukuze unikeze i-aluminium yemvelo.Ngemuva kwalokho, i-aluminium igoqwe ukuze inikeze ucwecwe.
Ukucwenga-Inqubo ye-Bayer
1.Isu le-Bayer elisetshenziselwa ukucwenga i-bauxite iqukethe izinyathelo ezi-4: ukugayeka kokudla, ukulinganisa, ukuna, nokubala.Phakathi nezinga lokugaya, i-bauxite iphansi futhi ixutshwe ne-sodium hydroxide ngaphambi kokuba iphonswe emathangeni amakhulu, acindezelwe.Kula mathangi, abizwa ngokuthi ama-digesters, inhlanganisela ye-sodium hydroxide, ukufudumala, nokucindezela kwephula insimbi ibe yimpendulo egcwele ye-sodium aluminate kanye nezingcolisi ezingancibiliki, ezihlala phansi.
2.Isigaba esilandelayo sesu, ukulinganisa, kuhlanganisa ukuthumela isixazululo kanye nokungcola ngamathangi angashintshi kanye nokunyathelisa.Ngalesi sikhathi, izihlungi zendwangu zibamba ukungcola, okungase kulahlwe.Ngemva kokuhlungwa futhi, ikhambi lokugcina lithuthelwa embhoshongweni wokupholisa.
3. Ezingeni elilandelayo, imvula, isixazululo se-aluminium oxide sisebenza kusisele esikhulu, lapho, ekuzivumelaniseni nendlela ye-Deville, uketshezi kufakwa amakristalu e-aluminium e-hydrated ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwakheka kwemfucumfucu ye-aluminium.Njengoba amakristalu embewu eyenga amanye amakristalu ngaphakathi kwekhambi, izigaxa ezinkulu ze-aluminium hydrate ziqala ukwakheka.Lezi zihlungwa kuqala emva kwalokho zihlanjululwe.
I-4.Calcination, isinyathelo sokugcina kakhulu ngaphakathi kwesistimu yokucwenga ye-Bayer, ihlanganisa ukuveza i-aluminium hydrate emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.Lokhu mfudumalo okwedlulele kuqeda amanzi endwangu, kushiye insalela yempushana emhlophe enhle kakhulu: i-aluminium oxide.
Ukuncibilika
I-1.Ukuncibilika, okuhlukanisa i-aluminium-oxygen compound (i-alumina) ekhiqizwa ngosizo lwendlela ye-Bayer, isinyathelo esilandelayo ekukhipheni i-aluminium yemvelo, yensimbi ku-bauxite.Nakuba isistimu esetshenziswa njengamanje iphuma endleleni ye-electrolytic eyasungulwa ngesikhathi esifanayo ngo-Charles Hall kanye no-Paul-Louis-Toussaint Héroult ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, yenziwe yaba isimanjemanje.Okokuqala, i-alumina incibilika kuselula encibilikayo, isikhutha esijulile sensimbi esifakwe ikhabhoni futhi sigcwele i-conductor yoketshezi eshisayo ehlanganiswe ikakhulukazi i-aluminum compound cryolite.
2.Okulandelayo, i-contemporary esebenza ngogesi isetshenziswa ku-cryolite, okwenza uqweqwe lwakheke phezu kwe-alumina encibilikayo.Uma i-alumina eyengeziwe ishukunyiswa ngezikhathi ezithile ibe yingxube, lokhu kuqweqwe kuyaphulwa futhi kuhlanganiswe kahle.Njengoba i-alumina incibilika, ibola ngogesi ukuze ikhiqize ungqimba lwe-aluminium ehlanzekile, encibilikisiwe endaweni ephansi kakhulu yeselula encibilikayo.I-oxygen ihlangana nekhabhoni esetshenziselwa ukukala amaselula bese ibaleka ngaphakathi kwesimo se-carbon dioxide.
3.Isesesimweni esincibilikisiwe, i-aluminium ehlanzekile idonswa kumangqamuzana ancibilikayo, idluliselwe ezitsheni, bese ithululelwa eziko.Kuleli zinga, ezinye izici zingethulwa ukuze kuhlinzekwe ama-alloys e-aluminium anezici ezifanele kumkhiqizo omisiwe, nakuba ucwecwe ngokuvamile lwakhiwe lusuka kumaphesenti ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye.8 noma amaphesenti angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalolunye.Uketshezi lube seluthelwa kumagajethi okukhahlela emuva okuqondile, lapho luphola lube ama-slabs amakhulu abizwa ngokuthi “ama-ingots” noma “reroll inventory.”Ngemva kokukhishwa—ukushisa kusingathwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle—ama-ingots afanele ukugingqika abe yi-foil.
Enye indlela yokuncibilikisa nokuphonsa i-aluminium ibizwa ngokuthi “ukusakaza okungami.”Le nqubo ibandakanya ulayini wokukhiqiza ohlanganisa isithando somlilo esincibilikayo, indawo yokugcina umlilo ehlanganisa insimbi encibilikisiwe, isistimu yokushintshashintsha, iyunithi yokusanhlamvu, iyunithi ehlanganisiwe efana nama-pinch rolls, i-shear kanye netomu, kanye nemoto ebuyisela emuva nekhoyili.Zombili izindlela zikhiqiza uhlu logqinsi oluqala ku-0.Ikhulu namashumi amabili nanhlanu kuya ku-zero.250 amayintshi (0.317 kuya ku-0.635 amasentimitha) kanye nobubanzi obuningi.Inzuzo yendlela yokuphonsa eqhubekayo ukuthi ayidingi isinyathelo sokudonsa ngaphambili ukuze kugingqeke i-foil, njengoba kwenza indlela yokuncibilika nokuphonsa, ngoba ukucwiliswa kwe-anneal kwenziwa ngokujwayelekile kulo lonke uhlelo lokulingisa.
I-foil egoqayo
Ngemuva kokuthi i-foil ifakwe, idinga ukuncishiswa ubukhulu ukuze wenze i-foil.Lokhu kwenziwa emshinini wokugaywa, lapho indwangu idlula izikhathi ezimbalwa ngokusebenzisa ama-metallic rolls abizwa ngokuthi ama-work rolls.Njengoba amashidi (noma amawebhu) e-aluminium edlula kuma-roll, ayampintsha abe mncane futhi akhishwe esikhaleni phakathi kwamaroli.Amaroli omsebenzi abhangqwe namaroli asindayo aziwa ngokuthi ama-backup rolls, afaka ingcindezi ukusiza ukugcina ukuzinza kwamaroli emidwebo.Lokhu kuvumela ukulondoloza ubukhulu bomkhiqizo ngaphakathi kokubekezelelana.Imidwebo nemiqulu eyisipele izungeza ngokwemiyalelo ephambene.Ama-lubricant ayengezwa ukwenza lula indlela yokugoqa.Phakathi nalolu hlelo lokugingqika, i-aluminiyamu ngezikhathi ezithile kufanele ifakwe emanzini (iphathwe ngokufudumele) ukuze igcine ukusebenza kwayo.
Isaphulelo se-foil silawulwa ngosizo lokulungisa i-rpm yama-rolls kanye ne-viscosity (ukumelana nokushibilika), ubuningi, kanye nezinga lokushisa lamafutha okugcoba.Igebe le-roll linquma kokubili ukujiya kanye nobude be-foil eshiya isigayo.Lesi sikhala singalungiswa ngosizo lokuphakamisa noma ukwehlisa umqulu wemidwebo ophakeme.I-Rolling ikhiqiza izingxenye ezimbili zemvelo ku-foil, ecacile ne-matte.Isiphetho esicacile sikhiqizwa ngenkathi i-foil ithintana nezindawo eziqoshiwe zemidwebo.Ukukhiqiza ukuphela kwe-matte, amashidi amabili kufanele ahlanganiswe ndawonye futhi agoqwe kanyekanye;ngenkathi lokho kufinyelelwa, imiphetho ethinta okuhlukile iba nesiphetho se-matte.Amanye amasu okuqeda imishini, avame ukukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuguqula imisebenzi, angasetshenziswa ukunikeza amaphethini amahle.
Njengoba amashidi e-foil efika kuma-rollers, ayasikwa futhi anqunywe ngemimese eyisiyingi noma efana ne-razor efakwe endaweni yokugaya.Ukunquma kubhekisela emaphethelweni e-foil, njengoba nje ukusika kuhlanganisa ukusika i-foil ibe amashidi amaningana.Lezi zinyathelo zisetshenziselwa ukunikeza ububanzi obuncane obugoqiwe, ukusika amaphethelo e-inventory ehlanganisiwe noma e-laminated, kanye nokuhlinzeka izingxenye eziyisikwele.Ukuze kwenziwe isiqiniseko sokwenza kanye nokushintsha imisebenzi, ama-web anqanyulwe ngesikhathi kugingqwa kufanele ahlanganiswe abuyiselwe ndawonye, noma ahlukaniswe.Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zezingcezu zokuba yilungu lamawebhu ecwecwe elilula kanye/noma ucwecwe oluxhasiwe luhlanganisa i-ultrasonic, itheyiphu evala ukushisa, itheyiphu yokuvala ukucindezeleka, kanye ne-welded kagesi.I-ultrasonic splice isebenzisa i-stable-state weld—eyenziwe nge-transducer ye-ultrasonic—ngaphakathi kwensimbi egqagqene.
Izindlela zokuqeda
Kumaphakheji amaningi, i-foil isetshenziswa ku-IV / inhlanganisela nezinto ezahlukahlukene.Ingambozwa ngezinto ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa ama-polymers nama-resin, imisebenzi yokuhlobisa, yokuzivikela, noma yokuvala imfudumalo.Ingafakwa emaphepheni, emabhodini, nakumamuvi epulasitiki.Ingase futhi isikwe, ibunjwe ibe yinoma yiluphi uhlobo, iphrintwe, igcizelelwe, isikwe ibe yimicu, yenziwe ngamashidi, iqoshwe, futhi ifakwe i-anodized.Uma i-foil isisezweni layo lokugcina, ipakishwa ngokufanele futhi ithunyelwe kuklayenti.
Ikhwalithi yokulawula
Ngaphezu kokulawula okungaphakathi kwendlela kwamapharamitha afana nezinga lokushisa nesikhathi, umkhiqizo we-foil oqediwe kufanele uhlangabezane nezidingo ezinhle.Isibonelo, enye yohlobo lwezinqubo zokushintsha nokuyeka ukusetshenziswa kutholwe ukuthi kudinga ukoma okuhlukahlukene ku-foil floor ukuze kusebenze kahle kakhulu.Ukubheka okumanzi kusetshenziswa ukunquma ukoma.Kulesi sivivinyo, izixazululo eziyingqayizivele ze-ethyl alcohol emanzini acwecwe, ngokunyuka kwamaphesenti ayishumi ngosizo lobuningi, zithululelwa ngendlela efanayo endaweni ye-foil.Uma kungabikho amaconsi, ukumanzisa kungu-0. Inqubo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho kutholakala ukuthi yiliphi iphesenti elincane lesisombululo sotshwala elizomanzisa ngokuphelele iphansi le-foil.
Ezinye izici ezibucayi ukuqina namandla aqinile.Izindlela zokuhlola ezijwayelekile zathuthukiswa ngosizo lwe-American Society For Testing and Materials (ASTM).Ubukhulu bunqunywa ngokukala isampula kanye nokulinganisa indawo yayo, ngemva kwalokho ukuhlukaniswa kwesisindo ngokwenziwa kwendawo izimo ukuminyana kwengxubevange.Ukushuba kokuhlolwa kwe-foil kudinga ukulawulwa ngokucophelela ngoba ukubheka imiphumela kungaba ukuhlushwa imiphetho eqinile kanye nokuba khona kokukhubazeka okuncane, kanye nokunye okuguquguqukayo.Iphethini ibekwe endaweni yokubamba futhi ingcindezi eqinile noma yokudonsa isetshenziswa kuze kube yilapho kwenzeka ukuphuka kwephethini.Ingcindezi noma ugesi odingekayo ukuphula iphethini kuyalinganiswa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-08-2022